Surface-Controlled Subsurface Safety Valve (SCSSV)

Tswj Kab

Ib txoj kab me me hydraulic siv los ua cov khoom siv ua tiav hauv qhov chaw xws li qhov chaw tswj qhov chaw ruaj ntseg valve (SCSSV).Feem ntau cov tshuab ua haujlwm los ntawm kev tswj kab ua haujlwm ntawm lub hauv paus tsis ua haujlwm.Nyob rau hauv hom no, cov kab tswj tseem muaj zog txhua lub sijhawm.Ib qho kev xau lossis tsis ua haujlwm ua rau poob ntawm kev tswj kab siab, ua kom kaw qhov kev nyab xeeb valve thiab ua rau lub qhov dej nyab xeeb.

Surface-Controlled Subsurface Safety Valve (SCSSV)

Lub downhole kev nyab xeeb valve uas yog ua los ntawm cov chaw saum npoo los ntawm kev tswj kab uas khi rau sab nraud ntawm cov tubing ntau lawm.Ob hom SCSSV yog ib qho yooj yim: xaim xaim rov qab tau, uas yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev nyab xeeb-valve Cheebtsam tuaj yeem khiav thiab muab rov qab rau ntawm slickline, thiab tubing retrievable, nyob rau hauv uas tag nrho cov kev ruaj ntseg-valve sib dhos yog ntsia nrog cov hlua tubing.Lub kaw lus tswj tau ua haujlwm hauv hom tsis ua haujlwm, nrog kev tswj xyuas hydraulic siv los tuav qhib lub pob lossis lub foob pob hluav taws uas yuav kaw yog tias lub siab tswj tau poob.

Downhole Kev Nyab Xeeb Valve (Dsv)

Ib qho khoom siv downhole uas cais cov dej siab thiab cov kua dej thaum muaj xwm txheej ceev lossis kev puas tsuaj loj ntawm cov khoom siv saum npoo av.Cov txheej txheem tswj kev cuam tshuam nrog kev nyab xeeb li qub feem ntau tau teeb tsa hauv hom tsis muaj kev nyab xeeb, xws li kev cuam tshuam lossis kev ua haujlwm tsis zoo ntawm lub kaw lus yuav ua rau muaj kev nyab xeeb valve kaw kom muaj kev nyab xeeb zoo.Downhole kev nyab xeeb li qub tau tsim nyob rau hauv yuav luag txhua qhov dej thiab feem ntau raug rau cov cai nruj hauv zos lossis cheeb tsam kev cai lij choj.

Txoj hlua ntau lawm

Lub ntsiab conduit los ntawm cov reservoir kua yog tsim rau nto.Cov hlua ntau lawm yog feem ntau sib sau ua ke nrog cov tubing thiab cov khoom tiav hauv kev teeb tsa uas haum rau qhov chaw zoo thiab cov txheej txheem ntau lawm.Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm txoj hlua ntau lawm yog los tiv thaiv lub hauv paus zoo ntawm cov tubular, nrog rau cov casing thiab liner, los ntawm corrosion los yog yaig los ntawm cov kua reservoir.

Subsurface Safety Valve (Sssv)

Ib lub cuab yeej kev nyab xeeb tau nruab rau hauv lub qhov dej sab saud los muab kev kaw thaum muaj xwm txheej ceev ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob thaum muaj xwm txheej ceev.Muaj ob hom kev nyab xeeb ntawm subsurface valve: tswj qhov chaw thiab subsurface tswj.Nyob rau hauv txhua rooj plaub, qhov kev ruaj ntseg-valve system yog tsim los ua kom tsis muaj kev nyab xeeb, kom lub qhov dej sib cais nyob rau hauv qhov xwm txheej ntawm qhov system tsis ua hauj lwm lossis kev puas tsuaj rau cov chaw tsim khoom-tswj.

Siab:Lub zog faib tawm ntawm qhov chaw, feem ntau ntsuas hauv phaus quab yuam ib square inch, lossis lbf / in2, lossis psi, hauv US oilfield units.Lub metric unit rau quab yuam yog lub pascal (Pa), thiab nws variations: megapascal (MPa) thiab kilopascal (kPa).

Tubing ntau lawm

Ib lub raj zoo siv los tsim cov kua dej reservoir.Cov tubing ntau lawm yog sib sau ua ke nrog lwm cov khoom tiav los ua cov hlua ntau lawm.Cov tubing ntau lawm xaiv rau ib qho kev ua tiav yuav tsum tau sib haum nrog lub qhov dej geometry, reservoir ntau lawm cov yam ntxwv thiab cov kua dej reservoir.

Casing

Cov yeeb nkab loj-ntev qis qis rau hauv qhov qhib thiab cemented nyob rau hauv qhov chaw.Tus tsim qauv zoo yuav tsum tsim cov casing kom tiv taus ntau yam quab yuam, xws li kev sib tsoo, tawg, thiab tensile tsis ua hauj lwm, nrog rau cov tshuaj lom neeg nruj heev.Feem ntau cov pob qij txha yog fabricated nrog txiv neej threads ntawm txhua qhov kawg, thiab luv-ntev casing couplings nrog poj niam threads yog siv los koom ib tug neeg cov pob qij txha ntawm casing ua ke, los yog cov pob qij txha ntawm casing tej zaum yuav fabricated nrog txiv neej threads ntawm ib kawg thiab poj niam threads ntawm lub lwm yam.Casing yog khiav los tiv thaiv cov dej tsis huv, cais thaj tsam ntawm kev poob rov qab los, lossis cais cov txheej txheem nrog ntau qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov siab.Kev ua haujlwm thaum lub sij hawm muab tso rau hauv lub qhov dej yog feem ntau hu ua "khiav yeeb nkab."Casing feem ntau yog tsim los ntawm cov pa roj carbon monoxide uas tau kho cua sov kom muaj zog sib txawv tab sis tej zaum yuav tshwj xeeb ntawm cov hlau tsis muaj steel, txhuas, titanium, fiberglass, thiab lwm yam ntaub ntawv.

Packer ntau lawm:Ib qho cuab yeej siv los cais cov annulus thiab thauj tog rau nkoj lossis ruaj ntseg hauv qab ntawm txoj hlua ntau lawm.Ntau yam ntawm cov khoom ntim khoom tsim muaj kom haum rau lub qhov dej ntawm qhov dej thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov kua dej reservoir.

Hydraulic Packer:Ib hom packer siv feem ntau hauv kev siv ntau lawm.Ib qho hydraulic packer feem ntau yog teem siv hydraulic siab siv los ntawm txoj hlua tubing es tsis yog txhua yam quab yuam siv los ntawm kev tswj cov hlua tubing.

Sealbore Packer

Ib hom kev ntim khoom ntim khoom uas suav nrog lub sealbore uas lees txais lub foob sib dhos haum rau hauv qab ntawm cov tubing ntau lawm.Lub sealbore packer feem ntau teem rau ntawm wireline los pab kom muaj qhov tob sib raug zoo.Rau cov ntawv thov uas xav tias yuav muaj qhov loj hauv tubing txav, raws li qhov yuav yog vim thermal expansion, lub sealbore packer thiab foob sib dhos ua haujlwm raws li kev sib koom ua ke.

Casing Joint:Qhov ntev ntawm cov yeeb nkab steel, feem ntau nyob ib ncig ntawm 40-ft [13-m] ntev nrog cov xov txuas ntawm txhua qhov kawg.Casing pob qij txha tau sib sau ua ke los ua ib txoj hlua casing ntawm qhov ntev thiab qhov tshwj xeeb rau lub qhov dej hauv qhov uas nws tau nruab.

Casing Qib

Ib qho system ntawm kev txheeb xyuas thiab categorizing lub zog ntawm cov ntaub ntawv casing.Txij li feem ntau oilfield casing yog kwv yees li tib yam chemistry (feem ntau steel) thiab sib txawv tsuas yog nyob rau hauv kev kho cua sov siv, lub grading system muab rau standardized lub zog ntawm casing yuav tsum tau tsim thiab siv nyob rau hauv wellbores.Thawj ntu ntawm nomenclature, ib tsab ntawv, hais txog lub zog tensile.Qhov thib ob ntawm qhov kev xaiv, tus lej, hais txog qhov tsawg kawg nkaus tawm lub zog ntawm cov hlau (tom qab kev kho cua sov) ntawm 1,000 psi [6895 KPa].Piv txwv li, casing qib J-55 muaj qhov tsawg kawg nkaus yield zog ntawm 55,000 psi [379,211 KPa].Lub casing qib P-110 tsim lub zog siab dua cov yeeb nkab nrog qhov tsawg kawg nkaus lub zog ntawm 110,000 psi [758,422 KPa].Cov qib casing uas tsim nyog rau txhua daim ntawv thov feem ntau yog ua raws li cov kev xav tau ntawm kev siab thiab corrosion.Txij li thaum tus tsim lub qhov dej muaj kev txhawj xeeb txog cov yeeb nkab yielding nyob rau hauv ntau yam kev thauj khoom, qib casing yog tus lej uas siv rau hauv kev suav feem ntau.Cov ntaub ntawv uas muaj zog ntau dua yog kim dua, yog li cov hlua casing tuaj yeem suav nrog ob lossis ntau dua cov qib casing los ua kom zoo dua cov nqi thaum tuav cov khoom siv kho kom zoo tshaj qhov ntev ntawm txoj hlua.Nws tseem yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias, feem ntau, qhov siab dua lub zog tawm los, qhov cuam tshuam ntau dua ntawm lub casing yog sulfide kev ntxhov siab tawg (H2S-induced cracking).Yog li ntawd, yog tias H2S tau cia siab, tus tsim qauv zoo yuav tsis tuaj yeem siv cov tubular nrog lub zog siab raws li nws xav tau.

Kev sib koom ua ke: Ib qhov chaw ntawm kev tawg, tawg lossis sib cais hauv lub pob zeb uas tsis muaj kev txav mus los sib npaug rau lub dav hlau txhais.Kev siv los ntawm qee tus kws sau ntawv tuaj yeem paub meej dua: Thaum cov phab ntsa ntawm qhov tawg tau txav mus rau ib leeg xwb, qhov tawg yog hu ua kev sib koom ua ke.

Slip Joint: Lub telescoping sib koom ua ke ntawm qhov chaw nyob rau hauv floating offshore ua hauj lwm uas tso cai rau lub nkoj heave ( ntsug motion) thaum tuav ib tug riser yeeb nkab mus rau lub seafloor.Raws li lub nkoj heaves, lub hauv pliaj sib koom tes telescopes nyob rau hauv los yog tawm los ntawm tib tus nqi kom lub riser hauv qab lub plam kev sib koom tes yog tsis cuam tshuam los ntawm cov hlab ntsha.

Wireline: Muaj feem xyuam rau txhua yam ntawm kev txiav ntoo uas siv hluav taws xob cable kom txo cov cuab yeej mus rau hauv qhov borehole thiab xa cov ntaub ntawv.Wireline logging yog txawv ntawm kev ntsuas-thaum-drilling (MWD) thiab av nkos logging.

Drilling Riser: Cov yeeb nkab loj-ntev uas txuas cov subsea BOP pawg mus rau qhov chaw ntab dej kom coj cov av nkos rov qab los rau saum npoo.Yog tsis muaj riser, cov av nkos tsuas yog tawm ntawm sab saum toj ntawm pawg mus rau hauv hiav txwv.Lub riser yuav xoob suav tias yog ib ntus txuas ntxiv ntawm qhov dej mus rau qhov chaw.

BOP

Lub valve loj nyob rau sab saum toj ntawm lub qhov dej uas yuav raug kaw yog tias cov neeg ua haujlwm drilling poob tswj cov dej tsim.Los ntawm kev kaw lub valve no (feem ntau yog ua haujlwm nyob deb ntawm hydraulic actuators), cov neeg ua haujlwm drilling feem ntau rov qab tswj tau lub reservoir, thiab cov txheej txheem tuaj yeem pib ua kom cov av nkos ntom ntom kom txog thaum nws muaj peev xwm qhib BOP thiab khaws cia siab tswj kev tsim.

BOPs tuaj nyob rau hauv ntau hom, qhov ntau thiab tsawg, thiab kev ntsuas siab.

Qee tus tuaj yeem kaw tau zoo tshaj qhov qhib qhov dej.

Qee qhov yog tsim los kaw ib ncig ntawm cov khoom siv tubular hauv qhov dej (drillpipe, casing, lossis tubing).

Lwm tus yog haum nrog hardened steel shearing nto uas tuaj yeem txiav los ntawm drillpipe.

Vim tias BOPs tseem ceeb heev rau kev nyab xeeb ntawm cov neeg coob, lub rig, thiab lub qhov dej ntawm nws tus kheej, BOPs raug tshuaj xyuas, kuaj, thiab kho dua tshiab nyob rau lub sijhawm tsis tu ncua txiav txim siab los ntawm kev sib xyaw ntawm kev pheej hmoo, kev coj ua hauv zos, hom zoo, thiab kev cai lij choj.BOP kev ntsuam xyuas sib txawv los ntawm kev ntsuas kev ua haujlwm txhua hnub ntawm lub qhov dej tseem ceeb mus rau txhua hli lossis tsawg dua kev sim ntawm cov dej xav tias muaj qhov tsis zoo ntawm cov teeb meem tswj kom zoo.

Tensile Strength: Lub zog ntawm ib chav tsev hla ntu yuav tsum rub cov khoom sib nrug.

Yield: Lub ntim ntim los ntawm ib lub hnab ntawm cov cement qhuav tom qab sib xyaw nrog dej thiab cov khoom ntxiv los tsim cov slurry ntawm qhov xav tau ceev.Kev tawm los yog feem ntau qhia hauv US units li cubic feet ib sack (ft3/sk).

Sulfide Stress Cracking

Ib hom spontaneous brittle tsis ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv steels thiab lwm yam high-strength alloys thaum lawv nyob rau hauv kev sib cuag nrog moist hydrogen sulfide thiab lwm yam sulfidic ib puag ncig.Cov cuab yeej sib koom ua ke, cov khoom tawv tawv ntawm cov khoom tiv thaiv lub tshuab thiab lub valve trim yog qhov tshwj xeeb.Vim li no, nrog rau kev phom sij txaus ntshai ntawm hydrogen sulfide gas, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas cov av nkos yuav tsum tau khaws cia tsis muaj cov tshuaj sulfides thiab tshwj xeeb tshaj yog hydrogen sulfide ntawm pH tsawg.Sulfide stress cracking tseem hu ua hydrogen sulfide cracking, sulfide cracking, sulfide corrosion cracking thiab sulfide stress-corrosion cracking.Lub variation ntawm lub npe yog vim tsis muaj kev pom zoo nyob rau hauv lub mechanism ntawm tsis ua hauj lwm.Qee cov kws tshawb fawb xav txog sulfide-kev ntxhov siab tawg ib hom kev ntxhov siab-corrosion tawg, thaum lwm tus xav tias nws yog hom hydrogen embrittlement.

Hydrogen sulfide

[H2S] Cov pa roj tshwj xeeb muaj tshuaj lom nrog cov mis molecular ntawm H2S.Ntawm qhov tsis tshua muaj siab, H2S muaj cov ntxhiab tsw ntawm cov qe lwj, tab sis ntawm qhov siab dua, qhov ua rau tuag taus, nws tsis muaj ntxhiab tsw.H2S muaj kev phom sij rau cov neeg ua haujlwm thiab ob peb lub vib nas this ntawm kev sib kis ntawm cov concentrations tsawg tuaj yeem ua rau tuag taus, tab sis raug rau qhov qis dua tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev phom sij.Cov nyhuv ntawm H2S nyob ntawm lub sijhawm, zaus thiab qhov hnyav ntawm qhov tshwm sim nrog rau kev raug mob ntawm tus neeg.Hydrogen sulfide yog ib qho teeb meem loj thiab muaj peev xwm ua rau tuag taus, yog li kev paub, nrhiav thiab saib xyuas H2S yog qhov tseem ceeb.Txij li cov roj hydrogen sulfide muaj nyob rau hauv qee qhov subsurface formations, drilling thiab lwm cov neeg ua haujlwm yuav tsum tau npaj los siv cov cuab yeej tshawb nrhiav, cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv tus kheej, kev cob qhia kom raug thiab cov txheej txheem cuam tshuam hauv cheeb tsam H2S.Hydrogen sulfide yog tsim thaum lub sij hawm decomposition ntawm cov organic teeb meem thiab tshwm sim nrog hydrocarbons nyob rau hauv qee qhov chaw.Nws nkag mus rau hauv cov av nkos los ntawm subsurface formations thiab tuaj yeem tsim los ntawm sulfate-txo cov kab mob hauv cov av nkos.H2S tuaj yeem ua rau sulfide-kev nyuaj siab-corrosion tawg ntawm cov hlau.Vim tias nws yog corrosive, H2S ntau lawm yuav xav tau cov khoom siv tshwj xeeb kim heev xws li stainless hlau tubing.Sulfides tuaj yeem ua rau tsis muaj kev puas tsuaj los ntawm cov av nkos lossis roj av los ntawm kev kho mob nrog sulfide scavenger kom raug.H2S yog cov kua qaub tsis muaj zog, pub ob lub hydrogen ions hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tsis zoo, tsim HS- thiab S-2 ions.Hauv dej lossis dej hauv av av, peb hom sulfide, H2S thiab HS- thiab S-2 ions, yog nyob rau hauv dynamic equilibrium nrog dej thiab H + thiab OH- ions.Qhov feem pua ​​​​ntawm kev faib tawm ntawm peb hom sulfide nyob ntawm pH.H2S yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm pH qis, HS-ion tseem ceeb ntawm nruab nrab pH thiab S2 ions dominate ntawm pH siab.Hauv qhov xwm txheej zoo li no, sulfide ions rov qab mus rau H2S yog tias pH poob.Sulfides hauv av nkos thiab roj av tuaj yeem ntsuas ntau nrog Garrett Gas Train raws li cov txheej txheem teev tseg los ntawm API.

Txoj hlua Casing

Kev sib sau ua ke ntev ntawm cov yeeb nkab steel teeb tsa kom haum rau ib qhov dej tshwj xeeb.Cov seem ntawm cov yeeb nkab txuas nrog thiab txo qis rau hauv qhov dej, ces cemented nyob rau hauv qhov chaw.Cov yeeb nkab txuas feem ntau yog kwv yees li 40 ft [12 m] ntev, txiv neej threaded ntawm txhua qhov kawg thiab txuas nrog luv luv ntawm ob-poj niam threaded yeeb nkab hu ua couplings.Cov hlua ntev casing yuav xav tau cov ntaub ntawv muaj zog ntau dua nyob rau sab sauv ntawm txoj hlua kom tiv taus txoj hlua load.Qhov qis ntawm txoj hlua tuaj yeem sib sau ua ke nrog cov phab ntsa tuab dua kom tiv taus cov kev ntxhov siab heev yuav nyob rau qhov tob.Casing yog khiav los tiv thaiv los yog cais cov formations nyob ib sab ntawm lub qhov dej.