Kev tsim roj hauv Oilfields
Cov kab tswj ua haujlwm li cas hauv qhov dej?
Cov kab tswj tau ua kom muaj kev sib kis ntawm cov teeb liab, tso cai rau downhole cov ntaub ntawv tau, thiab tso cai tswj thiab ua kom cov twj paj nruag downhole.
Cov lus txib thiab tswj cov teeb liab tuaj yeem xa los ntawm qhov chaw ntawm qhov chaw mus rau lub cuab yeej downhole hauv lub qhov dej.Cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm downhole sensors tuaj yeem xa mus rau cov txheej txheem saum npoo rau kev ntsuam xyuas lossis siv hauv qee qhov kev ua haujlwm zoo.
Downhole kev nyab xeeb li qub (DHSVs) yog qhov chaw tswj xyuas qhov chaw ruaj ntseg li qub (SCSSV) hydraulically ua los ntawm cov tswj vaj huam sib luag ntawm qhov chaw.Thaum hydraulic siab siv rau hauv txoj kab tswj, lub siab quab yuam lub tes tsho hauv lub valve kom swb, qhib lub valve.Thaum tso cov hydraulic siab, lub valve kaw.
Meilong Tube lub downhole hydraulic kab yog siv feem ntau raws li kev sib txuas lus conduits rau hydraulically ua downhole pab kiag li lawm nyob rau hauv cov roj, roj, thiab dej txhaj tshuaj, qhov twg durability thiab tsis kam mus rau huab cua yuav tsum tau.Cov kab no tuaj yeem ua kev cai teeb tsa rau ntau yam kev siv thiab cov khoom siv downhole.
Tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv encapsulated yog hydrolytically ruaj khov thiab sib haum nrog tag nrho cov dej ua tiav zoo, suav nrog cov roj cua siab.Kev xaiv cov khoom siv yog ua raws li ntau yam txheej txheem, suav nrog hauv qab qhov kub, hardness, tensile thiab tsim kua muag lub zog, dej nqus thiab pa permeability, oxidation, thiab puas thiab tshuaj tiv thaiv.
Cov kab tswj tau dhau los ua qhov kev txhim kho dav dav, suav nrog kev sim tsoo thiab kev kub siab autoclave zoo simulation.Kev soj ntsuam kev sib tsoo hauv chav kuaj tau pom tias muaj kev thauj khoom ntau ntxiv nyob rau hauv uas cov tubing encapsulated tuaj yeem tswj kev ua haujlwm zoo, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog siv cov xov hlau-strand "bumper wires" siv.
Cov kab tswj siv nyob qhov twg?
★ Cov qhov dej ntse uas xav tau kev ua haujlwm thiab kev tswj hwm cov dej ntws ntawm cov chaw taws teeb tswj cov khoom siv vim yog cov nqi lossis kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev cuam tshuam lossis tsis muaj peev xwm los txhawb cov txheej txheem saum npoo uas xav tau nyob rau hauv qhov chaw deb.
★ Av, platform, lossis subsea ib puag ncig.
Geothermal Power Generation
Hom cog
Yeej muaj peb hom geothermal nroj tsuag siv los tsim hluav taws xob.Hom nroj tsuag yog txiav txim siab feem ntau los ntawm qhov xwm txheej ntawm geothermal peev txheej ntawm qhov chaw.
Qhov thiaj li hu ua cov khoom siv hluav taws xob ncaj qha geothermal yog siv thaum cov khoom siv hluav taws xob geothermal tsim cov pa ncaj qha los ntawm qhov dej.Cov chav, tom qab dhau los ntawm cov khoom sib cais (uas tshem tawm cov xuab zeb me me thiab pob zeb) yog pub rau lub turbine.Cov no yog cov nroj tsuag ntxov tshaj plaws tsim nyob rau hauv ltalis thiab hauv Teb Chaws Asmeskas Hmoov tsis zoo, cov khoom siv hluav taws xob yog qhov tsawg tshaj plaws ntawm txhua qhov chaw hauv ntiaj teb thiab muaj nyob hauv ob peb qhov chaw hauv ntiaj teb.Obviously chav cov nroj tsuag yuav tsis siv rau cov khoom siv qis-kub.
Lub tshuab hluav taws xob hluav taws xob tau ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej uas cov khoom siv hluav taws xob hauv qhov hluav taws xob tsim cov dej kub kub lossis kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm chav thiab dej kub.Cov kua dej los ntawm lub qhov dej xa mus rau lub tank flash qhov twg ib feem ntawm cov dej flashes mus rau chav thiab xa mus rau lub turbine.Cov dej seem yog qhia rau kev pov tseg (feem ntau yog txhaj).Nyob ntawm qhov ntsuas kub ntawm cov peev txheej nws tuaj yeem siv tau ob theem ntawm cov tso tsheb hlau luam flash.Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub no, cov dej sib cais ntawm thawj theem tank yog coj mus rau theem thib ob flash tank qhov twg ntau dua (tab sis qis dua) chav sib cais.Tom qab ntawd cov dej seem ntawm lub tank theem thib ob raug coj mus pov tseg.Lub thiaj li hu ua ob lub flash tsob nroj xa cov chav ntawm ob lub zog sib txawv rau lub turbine.Ib zaug ntxiv, hom nroj tsuag no tsis tuaj yeem siv rau cov peev txheej qis.
Hom thib peb ntawm geothermal fais fab nroj tsuag hu ua binary cog.Lub npe muab los ntawm qhov tseeb tias cov kua dej thib ob hauv lub voj voog kaw yog siv los ua haujlwm ntawm lub turbine es tsis yog qhov chaw nyob hauv av.Daim duab 1 nthuav qhia ib daim duab yooj yim ntawm binary hom geothermal nroj tsuag.Geothermal kua yog dhau los ntawm lub tshav kub exchanger hu ua boiler los yog vaporizer (nyob rau hauv ib co nroj tsuag, ob lub tshav kub exchangers nyob rau hauv series thawj lub preheater thiab lub thib ob vaporizer) qhov twg cov cua sov nyob rau hauv lub geothermal kua yog kis mus rau cov dej ua hauj lwm ua rau nws boil. .Cov kua dej ua haujlwm yav dhau los hauv cov nroj tsuag uas tsis muaj qhov kub thiab txias yog CFC (Freon hom) cov tub yees.Cov tshuab tam sim no siv cov hydrocarbons (isobutane, pentane thiab lwm yam) ntawm HFC hom tub yees nrog cov kua dej tshwj xeeb uas tau xaiv los ua kom haum rau qhov kub thiab txias.
Daim duab 1. Binary geothermal fais fab nroj tsuag
Cov kua ua haujlwm vapor raug xa mus rau lub turbine qhov twg nws lub zog cov ntsiab lus tau hloov mus rau cov khoom siv hluav taws xob thiab xa mus, los ntawm cov ncej mus rau lub tshuab hluav taws xob.Lub vapor tawm ntawm lub turbine mus rau lub condenser qhov twg nws yog hloov rov qab mus rau ib tug kua.Hauv cov nroj tsuag feem ntau, cov dej txias yog nyob nruab nrab ntawm lub condenser thiab lub tshuab ua kom txias kom tsis txhob muaj cua sov rau cov cua.Lwm txoj hauv kev yog siv lub npe hu ua "dry coolers" lossis cua txias condensers uas tsis kam cua sov ncaj qha rau huab cua yam tsis tas yuav tsum muaj dej txias.Qhov kev tsim no tseem ceeb tshem tawm txhua qhov kev siv dej los ntawm cov nroj tsuag kom txias.Qhuav txias, vim tias nws ua haujlwm ntawm qhov kub siab dua (tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau lub caij ntuj sov tseem ceeb) dua li cov yees txias ua rau cov nroj tsuag qis dua.Cov kua dej ua haujlwm los ntawm lub condenser yog pumped rov qab mus rau lub siab dua preheater / vaporizer los ntawm lub twj tso kua mis pub kom rov ua dua lub voj voog.
Lub voj voog binary yog hom nroj tsuag uas yuav siv tau rau qhov kub tsis tshua muaj hluav taws xob hauv av.Tam sim no, off-the-shelf binary khoom muaj nyob rau hauv modules ntawm 200 mus rau 1,000 kW.
POWER PHAU NTAWV FUNDAMENTALS
Fais Fab Cheebtsam
Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tsim hluav taws xob los ntawm qhov kub tsis tshua muaj hluav taws xob hauv qhov hluav taws xob (lossis los ntawm chav nyob hauv ib qho chaw siv hluav taws xob) suav nrog cov txheej txheem engineers hu ua Rankine Cycle.Nyob rau hauv ib qho kev cog hluav taws xob, lub voj voog, raws li tau piav qhia hauv daim duab 1, suav nrog lub boiler, turbine, generator, condenser, pub dej twj tso kua mis, cua txias ntauwd thiab lub twj tso kua mis txias.Chav yog tsim nyob rau hauv lub boiler los ntawm hlawv roj (coal, roj, roj los yog uranium).Cov chav yog dhau mus rau lub turbine qhov twg, nyob rau hauv expanding tawm tsam lub turbine hniav, lub tshav kub zog nyob rau hauv lub chav yog hloov dua siab tshiab rau txhua yam zog ua rau kev sib hloov ntawm lub turbine.Qhov no mechanical motion yog pauv, los ntawm ib tug ncej mus rau lub generator qhov twg nws yog hloov dua siab tshiab rau hluav taws xob zog.Tom qab dhau los ntawm lub turbine lub chav yog hloov rov qab mus rau cov kua dej nyob rau hauv lub condenser ntawm lub fais fab nroj tsuag.Los ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm condensation, cua sov tsis siv los ntawm lub turbine yog tso tawm rau cov dej txias.Cov dej txias, raug xa mus rau lub tsev txias qhov chaw uas "khoom cua sov" los ntawm lub voj voog raug tsis lees paub rau qhov chaw.Steam condensate yog xa mus rau lub boiler los ntawm lub twj tso kua mis pub kom rov ua cov txheej txheem.
Hauv cov ntsiab lus, lub zog cog tsuas yog ib lub voj voog uas pab txhawb kev hloov pauv ntawm lub zog ntawm ib daim ntawv mus rau lwm qhov.Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, lub zog tshuaj nyob rau hauv cov roj yog hloov mus rau lub tshav kub (nyob rau hauv lub boiler), thiab ces mus rau mechanical zog (nyob rau hauv lub turbine) thiab thaum kawg mus rau hluav taws xob zog (nyob rau hauv lub generator).Txawm hais tias lub zog cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov khoom kawg, hluav taws xob, feem ntau yog qhia nyob rau hauv units ntawm watts-teev los yog kilowatt-teev (1000 watt-teev los yog 1kW-hr), xam cov nroj tsuag kev ua tau zoo feem ntau ua nyob rau hauv units ntawm BTU's.Nws yog qhov yooj yim kom nco ntsoov tias 1 kilowatt-teev yog lub zog sib npaug ntawm 3413 BTU.Ib qho kev txiav txim siab tseem ceeb tshaj plaws txog lub tshuab hluav taws xob yog qhov yuav tsum tau siv hluav taws xob ntau npaum li cas (roj) los tsim cov khoom siv hluav taws xob.
Subsea Umbilicals
Main Functions
Muab hydraulic zog rau subsea tswj systems, xws li qhib / kaw li qub
Muab hluav taws xob fais fab thiab tswj cov teeb liab rau subsea tswj systems
Xa cov tshuaj ntau lawm rau kev txhaj tshuaj subsea ntawm tsob ntoo lossis hauv qhov chaw
Muab cov pa roj rau kev ua haujlwm nqa roj
Txhawm rau xa cov haujlwm no, lub umbilical dej tob tuaj yeem suav nrog
Tshuaj txhaj tshuaj
Hydraulic muab tub raj
Hluav taws xob tswj teeb liab cables
Hluav taws xob cables
Fiber optic teeb liab
Cov raj loj rau roj nqa
Lub subsea umbilical yog ib qho kev sib dhos ntawm hydraulic hoses uas tuaj yeem suav nrog hluav taws xob cables lossis optic fibers, siv los tswj cov qauv hauv qab hiav txwv los ntawm cov ntug dej hiav txwv lossis lub nkoj ntab.Nws yog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm subsea ntau lawm system, tsis muaj kev lag luam kev lag luam subsea petroleum ntau lawm yog tsis tau.
Cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb
Topside Umbilical Termination Assembly (TUTA)
Lub Topside Umbilical Termination Assembly (TUTA) muab qhov sib cuam tshuam ntawm lub plab hnyuv loj thiab cov khoom siv sab saum toj.Chav tsev yog ib qho chaw dawb uas muaj peev xwm yuav bolted los yog welded nyob rau hauv ib qho chaw nyob ib sab ntawm lub tsev me nyuam hang-off nyob rau hauv ib tug txaus ntshai qhov chaw nyob rau hauv lub topside chaw.Cov chav nyob no feem ntau yog ua raws li cov neeg siv khoom xav tau nrog saib rau hydraulic, pneumatic, lub zog, teeb liab, fiber ntau optic, thiab xaiv cov khoom siv.
TUTA feem ntau suav nrog cov thawv hluav taws xob sib txuas rau cov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob thiab kev sib txuas lus, nrog rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub raj, ntsuas, thiab thaiv thiab cov hlab ntsha rau cov khoom siv hydraulic thiab tshuaj tsim nyog.
(Subsea) Umbilical Termination Assembly (UTA)
UTA, zaum saum cov av nkos, yog ntau lub plexed electro-hydraulic system tso cai rau ntau subsea tswj modules txuas nrog tib txoj kev sib txuas lus, hluav taws xob thiab hydraulic mov kab.Qhov tshwm sim yog tias ntau lub qhov dej tuaj yeem tswj tau los ntawm ib qho umbilical.Los ntawm UTA, kev sib txuas mus rau ib tus neeg lub qhov dej thiab SCMs yog tsim nrog jumper sib dhos.
Hlau Flying Leads (SFL)
Flying leads muab hluav taws xob / hydraulic / tshuaj sib txuas los ntawm UTA mus rau ib tus neeg ntoo / tswj pods.Lawv yog ib feem ntawm lub subsea tis system uas faib umbilical functionalities rau lawv lub hom phiaj kev pab cuam.Lawv feem ntau ntsia tom qab umbilical thiab txuas nrog ROV.
Cov ntaub ntawv Umbilical
Raws li hom kev thov, cov ntaub ntawv hauv qab no feem ntau muaj:
Thermoplastic
Pros: Nws yog pheej yig, xa khoom sai, thiab qaug zog tiv taus
Cons: Tsis haum rau dej tob;chemical compatibility teeb meem;laus, etc.
Zinc coated Nitronic 19D duplex stainless hlau
Pros:
Tus nqi qis dua piv nrog super duplex stainless hlau (SDSS)
Lub zog muaj zog ntau dua piv rau 316L
Internal corrosion kuj
Tau tshaj rau hydraulic thiab feem ntau cov tshuaj txhaj tshuaj
Tsim nyog rau kev pabcuam dynamic
Cons:
Kev tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv sab nraud yuav tsum tau - extruded zinc
Kev txhawj xeeb txog kev ntseeg siab ntawm seam welds hauv qee qhov ntau thiab tsawg
Cov raj hnyav dua thiab loj dua qhov sib npaug SDSS - dai tawm thiab teeb meem kev teeb tsa
Stainless hlau 316L
Pros:
Tus nqi qis
Xav tau me me lossis tsis muaj kev tiv thaiv cathodic rau lub sijhawm luv
Tsawg tawm los muaj zog
Kev sib tw nrog cov thermoplastic rau qhov tsis tshua muaj siab, cov dej ntiav ntiav - pheej yig dua rau lub neej luv luv
Cons:
Tsis tsim nyog rau kev pabcuam dynamic
chloride pitting susceptible
Super Duplex Stainless Hlau (Pitting Resistance sib npaug - PRE> 40)
Pros:
Lub zog siab txhais tau hais tias me me txoj kab uas hla, lub teeb yuag rau kev teeb tsa thiab dai tawm.
Kev ua haujlwm siab rau kev ntxhov siab corrosion tawg nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig chloride (pitting kuj sib npaug> 40) txhais tau tias tsis muaj txheej txheej lossis CP.
Extrusion txheej txheem txhais tau tias tsis yooj yim-rau-saib seam welds.
Cons:
Inter-metallic theem (sigma) tsim thaum lub sij hawm tsim thiab vuam yuav tsum tau tswj.
Tus nqi siab tshaj plaws, lub sij hawm txhuas ntev tshaj plaws ntawm cov hlau siv rau cov hlab ntaws
Zinc coated carbon hlau (ZCCS)
Pros:
Tsawg tus nqi txheeb ze rau SDSS
Tsim nyog rau kev pabcuam dynamic
Cons:
Seam welded
Tsawg Internal corrosion tsis kam tshaj 19D
Hnyav thiab loj txoj kab uas hla piv rau SDSS
Umbilical commissioning
Cov umbilicals uas tau nruab tshiab feem ntau muaj cov kua dej cia hauv lawv.Cov kua dej cia yuav tsum tau muab tshem tawm los ntawm cov khoom npaj ua ntej lawv siv rau kev tsim khoom.Kev saib xyuas yuav tsum tau saib xyuas rau cov teeb meem tsis sib haum xeeb uas tuaj yeem ua rau muaj nag lossis daus thiab ua rau cov hlab ntaws mus txuas.Yuav tsum muaj cov kua dej tsis zoo yog tias xav tau kev tsis sib haum xeeb.Piv txwv li, txhawm rau ua haujlwm rau asphaltene inhibitor kab, yuav tsum muaj kev sib koom ua ke hnyav xws li EGMBE los muab qhov tsis sib xws ntawm asphaltene inhibitor thiab cov kua dej cia vim lawv feem ntau tsis sib haum.